Class 12 Physical Education: Chapter 1 Notes - Management of Sporting Events | CBSE - 2023-24

Management of Sporting Events

Chapter 1 Notes with PDF
CBSE Physical Education Class 12

Syllabus for 2023 - 24 [Marks- 5 Marks + 4 Marks (Concept-Based Questions)]
● Functions of Sports Events Management (Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing & Controlling) 
● Various Committees & their Responsibilities (pre; during & post) 
● Fixtures and their Procedures – Knock-Out (Bye & Seeding) & League (Staircase, Cyclic, Tabular method) and Combination tournaments
● Intramural & Extramural Tournaments – Meaning, Objectives & Its Significance
● Community sports program (Sports Day, Health Run, Run for Fun, Run for Specific Cause & Run for Unity) 

Class 12 Physical Education: Chapter 1 Notes - Management of Sporting Events | CBSE

Functions of Sports Events Management

Sports events management involves several functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Each function plays a crucial role in ensuring the successful execution of a sports event. Here is an overview of each function:

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Planning: 
The planning function involves setting objectives, determining the scope of the event, identifying the target audience, and defining the budget. This function also involves developing strategies to achieve the event's goals and objectives. The planning function lays the foundation for the success of the sports event.

Meaning of Planning
Planning is a process of organizing every thought together according to the desired goals.
In the field of physical education, there are various types of planning. Planning is used in organizing various sports tournaments and in sports training.

Objectives of Planning

  • It helps to enhance sports performance.
  • Proper planning improves and increases creativity among officials, coaches, or physical education teachers.
  • Planning reduces the unnecessary pressure of immediacy.
  • Planning and control are connected with each other. If tournaments or any competition are organized with proper planning, control over all activities in that tournament will be easier.
  • A proper plan will ensure proper coordination.
  • Planning Reduces the Chance of mistakes and oversights.
  • Planning increases the efficiency of sports officials in conducting tournaments/events.

Organizing: 
The organizing function involves coordinating all the activities required to execute the sports event successfully. This function involves identifying the required resources, such as the venue, equipment, staff, and volunteers. The organizing function also involves developing schedules, timelines, and action plans for the event.

Staffing: 
The staffing function involves identifying the required human resources and recruiting, training, and managing the staff and volunteers. This function also involves ensuring that the staff and volunteers are adequately equipped and motivated to perform their roles effectively.

Directing: 
The directing function involves leading and guiding the staff and volunteers towards achieving the event's goals and objectives. This function involves communicating effectively, providing feedback and coaching, and resolving conflicts. The directing function also involves ensuring that the event's activities are executed as per the plan and the schedule.

Controlling: 
The controlling function involves monitoring and evaluating the progress of the sports event and taking corrective actions as required. This function involves reviewing the event's performance against the set objectives, identifying areas for improvement, and making necessary adjustments. The controlling function also involves managing risks and ensuring compliance with the regulations and guidelines.

Overall, effective sports events management requires a comprehensive approach that integrates all of these functions to ensure a successful and memorable event for all participants and attendees.

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Various Committees and Their Responsibilities

The Organizing Committee is responsible for planning and executing the sporting event. They decide the venue, date and time, duration of the event, and other logistics related to the event. various committees are formed under this organising committee. 
  1. Publicity Committee- Main responsibility of this committee is to advertise events. The committee publically announce the event date and the venue.
  2. Transportation Committee- Responsible for managing the transportation of athletes, officials, and other participants to and from the venue. They coordinate with transport providers, plan transport routes, and ensure that the transport arrangements are efficient and safe.
  3. Boarding and lodging committee-  Responsible for arranging accommodation and meals for the athletes, officials, and other participants in the event.
  4. Grounds and equipment committee- Responsible for preparing and maintaining the playing surface and equipment for the event. They ensure that the grounds are safe and suitable for the sport and that the equipment is in good condition.
  5. Decoration and ceremony committee- Responsible for decoration of sports arena or stadium. They create a festive atmosphere for the event and manage the opening, victory, and closing ceremonies. Also, the committee make arrangements for trophies, medals and certificates.
  6. Committee for refreshments and entertainment- supplying food and beverages to everyone and responsible for providing entertainment for the participants and spectators during the event.
  7. Reception Committee- Responsible for welcoming the athletes, officials, Chief Guests, and other participants to the event. They manage the reception area and ensure that the participants receive a warm welcome.
  8. Committee on Entries and Programs- Responsible for managing the registration process for the participants and preparing the event programs. it also organizes games, makes fixtures of teams participating in the tournaments
  9. Committee for officials- this committee selects various officials like referees, judges, etc. and trains them for the event. They ensure that the officials are knowledgeable about the sport and the rules and regulations of the event.
  10. First aid committee- Responsible for providing medical support to the participants during the event. The committee is headed by well-equipped doctors.  They manage the first aid stations and ensure that the medical personnel are available in case of emergencies.
  11. Finance Committee- Responsible for managing the budget of the event. They prepare the budget, allocate funds to different areas of the event, and ensure that the expenses are within the budget. 
  12. Announcement committee- responsible for making various announcements during sports meet or games. They manage the public address system and ensure that the participants and spectators receive important information about the event.
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Pre, During and Post-tournament - Responsibilities of the committee

Pre Tournament Responsibilities

  • To prepare the proper budget for the tournament/event. 
  • To prepare the schedule and programs for the tournament
  • To form various committees for various tasks
  • To send information to various teams about the date and venue of the tournament.
  • To make arrangements regarding boarding and lodging of the players during the tournament.
  • To decide and arrange the prize, certificates, and medals for winners
  • Prepare the ground/tracks for the sports tournament and arrange the equipment required.
  • To send the entry forms timely.


During Tournament Responsibilities

  • To ensure proper arrangements regarding the inauguration of the sports tournament
  • Make sure sports grounds/tracks are in order.
  • Maintain discipline
  • Ensure that tournament is being organized according to the schedule
  • Make necessary announcements regarding the process of the tournament
  • Impart first aid to injured
  • Prepare proper scorecard
  • Update information on the media channels
  • Arrange refreshments for the players and officials.

Post Tournament Responsibilities

  • Provide detailed results to media
  • To give prizes to the winners
  • Present mementoes to the chief guest and other special guests
  • Return the security fund to the teams 
  • Collect all records related to the tournament
  • Make payments to every official and pay other charges
  • Make a Report on expenses.

TOURNAMENT

Human beings have been competing with each other since the Stone Age. Competing is a natural tendency of humans. Tournaments are conducted to provide a platform for players to show their skills and capabilities. Tournaments are also a source of entertainment for many people.

Importance of Tournaments

  • Improves performance of a players 
  • Helps in selecting players for higher Tournaments
  • A great source of entertainment
  • Promotes national integrity and international  unity
  • Gives players a platform to show their skills to the world.
  • Competitive feeling

There are four types of Tournaments
1. Round Robin or League Tournament
2. Knock-out Tournaments
3. Combination Tournament
4. Challenge Tournament - not in the syllabus

four-types-of-tournaments

1. Knock-out Tournament
In this type of tournament, a team that is once defeated automatically gets eliminated from the tournament. Only the winning continues in the tournament. It means that the defeated team does not get a second opportunity. 

Advantages of a knock-out tournament
1. The knock-out tournament is less expensive as the defeated teams get eliminated.
2. The Tournament gets completed in less no. time.
3. a Minimum number of officials is required in this type of Tournament.
4. Helpful in enhancing the standards of the sport because teams try to give their best to avoid defeat.

Disadvantages
1. Good teams May get eliminated in Ist or IInd round.
2. There is more chance of a weak team entering the final.
3. Spectators May lose interest in the final match if a weak team enters the final.

2. League or Round Robin Tournament
Each team plays with every other team once if it is a single league tournament and twice if it is a double league tournament.

Types of League Tournament
1. Single League Tournament- 
Total no. of matches played in the tournament- N(N - 1)/2
2. Double League Tournament
Total no. of matches played in the tournament- N(N - 1)/2

Advantages of League Tournament
1. Only a strong or deserving team gets the victory
2. Every team gets the maximum opportunity to prove themselves.
3. Sports become popular because of the no. of the tournament.
4. Sports officials get enough time to watch the efficiency and performance of a player.
5. Team need not win every match.
6. Players get enough no. of opportunity.
7. The Spectators also get enough opportunity to watch and enjoy the tournament.

Disadvantages of the League Tournament
1. Requires more time.
2. It costs more.
3. It requires making more arrangements for sports officials and teams.
4. Some team's Moral gets down bcoz of again and again defeat. In such situations, the team is unable to perform well.
5. The team coming from far, wastes their time and money.

3. Combination Tournament
Combination Tournaments are Conducted when the match is played on a group or zonal basis.
These Tournaments depend on the suitability of the activity. 

There are four combinations on which this Tournament is organized.
1. Knock-out cum Knock-out
2. League cum League
3. Knock-out cum League
4. League cum Knock-out

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Method of Preparing Fixture in Knock-out Tournament (Bye and Seeding)

Essential Points for a Knock-out Tournament

  1. The total no. of teams participating in the tournament.
  2. Total no. of matches.
  3. The total no. of rounds.
  4. The no. of teams in each half or quarter.
  5. The total number of byes.
  6. The no. of byes in each half.
1. Total No. of matches in knock out tournament= N-1 (N = No. of total teams)

2. Total No. of Rounds
Total no. of Rounds- If the total number of teams is in the power of 2, eg.- 16, then the total no. of rounds will be 2×2×2×2= 4
If not in the power of 2 then the total no. of rounds will be based on the next highest power of 2.

number-of-rounds
If the total number of teams is not in the power of two, then the no. of rounds will be equal to the multiple of the next power of two.
number-of-rounds-2

3. Number of teams in each half 
All the teams are divided into two halves for the sake of convenience. If the number of teams is even, then the number of teams in the upper and lower half will be equal i.e Total teams 10 then apply the formulae N/2.

Number of teams in upper half = N/2 = 10/2 = 5
N/2=20/2=10
Number of teams in lower half = N/2 = 10/2 = 5
N/2=20/2=10
If the number of teams is odd, then apply (N+1)/2 for the upper half and (N-1) /2 for the lower half.

Byes

Bye means avoiding playing a match in the first round of the tournament. It is a privilege given to a team which is decided generally by seeding it or by drawing of lots. Some teams may get a bye in the first round, by which they get promoted to higher-round competition.
If the total number of teams are in the power of 2 like 2, 4, 6, 8, etc. then it is easy to draw a fixture by dividing teams into equal halves, but if the total number of team is not in the power of 2 like 3,5,6,7, etc. then byes are given.

The teams which are given bye do not play in the first round.

Number of Byes
No. of byes calculated by subtracting the total no. of teams for the power of 2 greater than the total no. of teams.
Example 1 - No. of teams = 19
                    Next highest no., which is in power of 2= 32
                    Byes= 32-19 = 13

Number of byes in the upper and lower half
For calculating how many teams in the upper and lower half will get byes, the method is as follows

Number of byes in upper half = (Nb-1) /2
Number of byes in lower half= (Nb+1) /2

Example- Total number of byes = 13
                Number of byes in upper half= (13-1) /2 = 613−12=6
                Number of byes in lower half= (13+1)/2 = 7

Method of fixing Byes
1. The 1st bye is given to the last team of the lower half
2. The 2nd bye is given to the first team of the upper half.
3. The 3rd bye is given to the first team of the lower half. 
4. The 4th bye is given to the last team of the upper half.
5. The next byes will be given in the same order.

Quarter
Teams are further divided into quarters other than the upper & lower halves of total teams is more. The upper halves are further divided in the I and II quarters and the lower halves in the III & IV quarters.

The total no. of teams is divided by 4. 
- If Remainder is 0, teams are equally divided into four equal halves.
- If Remainder is 1, I quarter get the extra team
- If 2, I & III quarter get 1 extra team.
- If 3, I, II & III quarters get 1 extra team.

Seeding Method 

It is done to prevent the strong teams from competing with each other in the initial round. It is done to overcome the drawbacks of a single knock-out tournament. Seeding can be done only if the standards of the teams are known before the start of the tournament.

Therefore the strong teams are placed in the position where they will get a bye i.e. placing the strong teams in the last position of the lower half or first position of the upper half.

Example: Total no. of teams = 6
Next power of two after 6 = 8
No. of byes 8 – 6 =2
Seeding = Last of lower half and first of upper half.
The number of matches 6 – 1 = 5.
seeding-method

Special Seeding
It is a method of seeding in which the players or teams directly participate in the quarter-final or semi-final matches thus avoiding their participation in the initial rounds.


Examples
1. Make a fixture of 19 teams. 
knock-out-tournament-example

2. Make a fixture of 12 teams where 4 teams get special seeding.
Total number of teams =12
Number of teams m upper half = N/2=12/2=6
Number of teams in lower half = N/2= 6
Teams setting special seeding = 4
Number of matches = 12 – 1 = 11
knock-out-tournament-example-2

Team numbers 1, 2, 11 & 12 do not play the match initially as they get special seeding.

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The procedure of Fixtures in the League Tournament

Three methods are used in the league tournament
1. Cyclic method
2. Staircase method
3. Tabular method

1. Staircase Method
Fixtures are made like a staircase in this method. It is arranged in sequential form, there is no bye, no problem of odd or even and therefore it is easiest to arrange. 

Example: Draw a fixture of 9 teams on a league basis using the staircase method.
The number of teams = 9
Thus, number of matches= N(N−1)/2 = 9(9−1)/2 = 9×82 = 36 matches

The fixture is given below
League-tournament-staircase-method-example

2. Cyclic Method

In this method, if the number of teams is even (i.e. 4, 6, 8, ….), then Team 1 is fixed on the top right side and the other teams move in the clockwise direction down one side of a rectangle and up on the other side. In such a case, the number of rounds will be N-1 if N teams are participating. 
If the number of teams is odd (i.e. 3, 5, 7,….), a ‘bye’ is fixed at the top and all teams follow it in sequence. In such a case, the number of rounds will be N.

Example 1. Make a fixture of 6 teams on the cyclic method.
Total number of teams = 6
Total number of matches = N(N−1)/2 = 6(6−1)/2 = 15
Total number of rounds = N – 1 = 5
Cyclic-method-example-1

Example 2. Make a fixture of 5 teams on the cyclic method.
Total number of teams = 5
Total number of matches = N(N−1)/2=5(5−1)/2=10
Total number of rounds = 5
cyclic-method-example-2

Deciding the Winner
The method to decide the winner in the tournaments is by calculating the percentage of matches won.

1. American Method
Percentage = MatchesWon/MatchesPlayed×100

2. British Method- In this method point is given to the team. 2 points are given to the winner of the match, 0 points to the loser of the match, and 1 point to each in case of a draw.
Percentage of points = (Total points obtained/total possible points) × 100

Intramural

Intramural is derived from the Latin words 'Intra' meaning 'within' and 'Muralis' meaning 'walls'.

The activities that are performed within the campus of an institution are intramural activities.


The objectives of intramurals are as follows

1. To provide incentives, motivation, and opportunities to learn various skills.

2. To develop sportsman spirit among students.

3. To help in the recreation of the students.

4. To improve social interaction among the students.


The significance of intramurals is as follows

1. It improves the sense of citizenship and adult living.

2. It helps in the selection of teams for participation in extramural tournaments.

3. It brings out the hidden talent of the students.

4. It develops leadership qualities in students.

5. It creates a recreational atmosphere among the teachers and students.


Extramural

Extramural is derived from the Latin words 'Extra' meaning 'outside' and 'Muralis' meaning 'walls'.

The activities that are performed outside the campus of an institution are Extramural activities. These are also called inter-school competitions.


The objectives of extramural are
1. To improve the standard of sports.
2. To provide experience to students.
3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity.
4. To broaden the base of sports.
5. To provide knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques.

The significance of extramural is as follows
1. They provide recreational opportunities for the campus community.
2. They give positive experiences, regardless of race, nationality, age, and gender.
3. They provide an opportunity to develop motor skills which will be beneficial throughout life.
4. They develop important values and skills such as self-esteem, social skills, sportsmanship, and self-motivation.
5. They allow relaxation from strenuous schoolwork and the rapid pace of modern living.

Community sports program

Community sports programs are those which are not usually related to competitions. The programs have various objectives creating awareness, creating a sense of integration among people, and raising funds for charitable organizations. These programs include Sports Day, Health Run, Run for Fun, Run for Specific Cause & Run for Unity.

Sports Day:
Sports Day is an annual event that is celebrated in schools and colleges across the country. It is a day when students participate in various sports events and competitions, and showcase their skills and talents. Health Run:
Health Run is a program that promotes running and physical fitness as a means of improving overall health and well-being. It is usually held as a community event and encourages people of all ages to participate. Run for Fun:
Run for Fun is a program that promotes running as a fun and enjoyable activity. It is designed to encourage people to participate in running events without the pressure of competition and to enjoy the experience of running with others. Run for Specific Cause:
Run for Specific Cause is a program that promotes running as a means of raising awareness and funds for specific causes. It is usually organized as a charity event, and participants are encouraged to raise funds and awareness for a particular cause or organization. Run for Unity:
Run for Unity is a program that promotes national unity and integration through running events. It is usually held on National Unity Day and encourages people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in running events that celebrate the diversity and unity of India. These programs are all aimed at promoting physical fitness, health, and well-being, and encouraging people to participate in sports and physical activity. They are designed to provide opportunities for people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in sports and physical activity, and to promote the development of a healthy and active lifestyle.



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