Physical Education Class 12 Chapter 9 Notes - Sports Medicine [21]

Chapter 9 - Sports Medicine

Note - The Syllabus for Physical Education has been changed.

To Read the Notes of Physiology & Injuries in Sports based on the Latest Syllabus of CBSE - Click here

Sports Medicine - Not in Syllabus

Sports injury is the branch of injury that deals with the treatment and prevention of injuries related to participation in sports and/or exercise

Aims of Sports Medicine

1. To aware the sportsperson and athlete about different kinds of injury in respect of different sports
2. To Concentrate on the cause of injury like lack of warming up, lack of techniques or skills, etc.
3. To provide adequate medical help and rehabilitation.
4. To provide knowledge of kinds of injury & their necessary precaution i.e. Protective Measures.

Scope of Sports Medicine

1. Prevention of Accidents in Sports.
2. Scientific promotion of sports and games.
3. Athlete Nutrition
4. Sports Injury rehabilitation
5. Sports and first aid
6. Developing new methods of detection of doping.
7. Physiotherapy
8. Female and sports
9. Study of optimal load for different ages.
10. Specific Fitness
11. Sports Medical Extension Services
12. Developing Preventive Healthcare
13. Scientific Promotion – of Sports and Games


Sports Injuries

Sports Injuries are the injuries that occur during athletic activities. In Sports and games, it is common to get sports injuries during practice, training, or competition. 

Classification of Sports Injuries

A. Soft Tissue Injuries

1. Contusion - 
It is a muscle injury. A direct hit can be the cause of Contusion. It can also be caused by minor accidents such as failing, hitting, or kicking. Blood vessels in the muscles are broken in Contusion and bleeding may occur in the muscle which can cause bruises. 
It is common in boxing, kabaddi & wrestling.

2. Abrasion-
It is a key injury that generally occurs due to friction with certain equipment or falling at the area where the bone is very close to the skin. It can be caused by falling on a hard surface. Deep abrasion may cause bleeding.
It can occur in a basketball court, kabaddi, hockey, football etc.

3. Laceration- It is an irregular cut in the skin caused by a sharp object and is more dangerous than incised wounds.

4. Incision- It may occur due to a sharp-edged object. Sometimes, arteries and veins may be cut causing blood to come out freely.

5. Strain - 
It is also a muscle injury. Strain can be mild to severe. It is caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon. In case of complete muscle rupture, it is not possible to move that part and there may be severe pain around the rupture. It can happen suddenly or over days or weeks.
A sudden strain is caused by recent injuries like lifting heaving objects in the wrong way.

6. Sprain- 
It is a ligament injury. It may occur due to overstretching or tearing of ligaments. 
Falling, twisting or getting hit can force a point out of its normal position and can cause ligaments around the joint to tear. Usually, It occurs at the wrist joint and ankle joint.
Common Symptoms of this injury are- swelling, inflammation, server pain and tenderness. 

7. Bruises- 
It is a common skin injury that causes skin discolouration. Bruises are not clearly seen because the upper skin remains unaffected, but inner tissues are damaged. Blood collects beneath the skin from damaged blood vessels. A fresh bruise may actually be reddish and after a few hours, it turns to blue or dark purple.
It can be caused to sportspersons when they bump into some sports equipment.

Prevention of Soft Tissue Injuries
1. Proper warm-up is essential before any sports activity.
2. Proper Conditioning should be done during the preparatory period.
3. Players should be careful and alert during training and competition.
4. Good quality sports equipment should be used.
5. Grounds/Courts should be smooth and clean.
6. Protective equipment should be used.
7. Players should not continue to play during fatigue.
8. The Complete Scientific Knowledge of the game is a must for preventing the sports injuries
9. Balanced Diet and Adequate rest.

B. Bone Injuries

 There are six types of bone injuries. They are-

1. Simple Fracture-
The fracture is without any wound, where the bone is broken in one place.

2. Compound Fracture-
The fracture in which skin and muscles are damaged along with the fracture. Usually, the bone comes out through the skin by tearing it.

3. Complicated Fracture-
A fracture in which a bone breaks and damages the internal organs. These fractures are complicated and dangerous.

4. Greenstick Fracture-
The bone bends whenever there is stress on the bone. Common in children as their bones is delicate.

5. Comminuted Fracture-
A fracture in when a bone is broken into three or more pieces. Possible in a cycle or motorcycle race.

6. Impacted Fracture-
A fracture in which the end of a fractured bone enters into another bone.

Causes of a Fracture

  1. Forceful and unnatural movements.
  2. Sudden fall on a hard surface.
  3. Direct hit or strike with any sports equipment.
  4. High-impact sports events
  5. Prolonged long-distance walking or running.
  6. Osteoporosis

Prevention

1. A proper warm-up before participating in sports.
2. Proper Conditioning of the body.
3. Protective equipment should be used.
4. Players should not continue to play in a state of fatigue.
5. Calcium and vitamin D deficiency may weaken the bone. So, a balanced diet must be taken.
6. Always be careful and alert while playing.
7. Use good quality Sports equipment
8. Training and Competition area should be clear of hazards.

C. Joint Injuries

Dislocation of joints is the main injury. A hard strike to the joint, or a fall may cause dislocation. 

1. Dislocation of Upper Jaw: Occurs when the chin strikes any object forcefully.
2. Dislocation of Shoulder Joint: Occurs due to a sudden jerk or fall on a hard surface. The end of the humerus comes out of the socket.
3. Dislocation of Hip Joint: Putting maximum strength spontaneously may cause dislocation of the hip joint. The end of the femur is displaced from the socket.
4. Dislocation of Wrist: A miscalculated landing may cause dislocation of the wrist. It occurs when a person uses his hand to break his fall. The Sportsperson who plays the sport in which he may fall, have the risk of getting his wrist dislocated.

Prevention

  1. A proper warm-up is essential before any physical activity.
  2. The stretching exercise should be included in the warmup.
  3. Proper Conditioning should be done during the preparatory period.
  4. Use Protective equipment/gear as per the requirement of the sports.
  5. Discontinue the practice during fatigue.

Causes of Sports Injuries

1. Improper Warming-up: A Sportsman may get injured during training or competition due to improper warm-up training or competition.
2. Improper Conditioning: Without proper conditioning, it is natural to get injured in sports.
3. Unspecific Way of Training increases the occurrence of sports injuries. One should have knowledge of Overtraining and Undertraining.
4. Lack of Fitness: If the player is not physically, psychologically and physiologically fit, he/she may get easily injured.
5. Lack of proper Nutrition in food can be the cause of sports injury. Lack of Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D may be the cause of Bone Fracture.
6. No Use of Protective Equipment increases the chances of getting injured. Protective Equipment provides safety to delicate human organs.
7. Lack of Sports Facilities can be the cause of sportsperson's injuries. If the ground is not smooth and there can be ditches in it, there can be abrasion, sprain or fracture to the player.
8. Practice during the stage of fatigue increases the chance of getting injured. Anticipation power decreases in the stage of fatigue and as a result, the person may get injured.
9. Carelessness during the Games can be the cause of getting injured.
10. Improper Sports Equipment may also be the cause of sports injuries. All Sports Equipment should be of International standards.
11. Pressure of Competition: Stress increases enormously during International sports competitions. At that time, dignity is attached to his/her country. Players exert maximum force usually beyond their capacity, in which players may get injured.

Prevention of Sports Injuries

1. Proper Warming-up:  A warm-up routine should be for minimum of 10 minutes. Start warm-up with a few gentle exercises like jogging and then slowly, increases the pace until you are running vigorously. After few rounds, do some stretching exercise especially on those body parts that will be using in your sports.
2. Proper Conditioning: Many injuries are caused by weak muscles which are not ready to meet the demand of your sports. So, your body needs to get proper conditioning for getting proper muscular strength. Weight training and circuit training are major methods for proper conditioning.
3. Balanced Diet: The lack of vitamins and minerals like calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus etc. makes bone weak which can lead to sports injuries. So, A balanced diet can prevent sports Injuries to a great extent.
4. Use of Protective Equipment: The protective Equipment protects the players from getting injured. Good quality protective equipment should be used. 
5. Proper Knowledge of Sports Skills: The Sportsperson who is efficient in related sports skills have fewer chances of sports injuries.
6. Don't Do Overtraining: If you have not performed training for a long time then vigorous physical activity could do more harm than good. So, it is important to increase the training load slowly and carefully.
7. Proper Sports Facilities: Sports injuries can be restricted if good quality sports equipment and proper sports ground/court available for practice and competitions. 
8. Use of Proper Technique can reduce the chances of sports injuries.
9. Obeying the Rules can also prevent sports injuries during training and competition.
10. Unbiased Officiating: If the officials of the games are biased then there will be more chances of indiscipline among players which can increase the chances of injuries.
11. Proper Cooling Down: After training or competition, Cooling down should be done properly for minimum of 10 minutes. Start with light aerobic exercise like jogging for at least 5 to 10 minutes and then stretching exercise should be done for 5 minutes.
Proper Cooling down helps to remove the waste products like lactic acid, acid phosphates, etc. from the muscles and relieves muscle stiffness and soreness.

9.3 First Aid

First aid is the first help given to the wounded and accidental victim before the doctor's arrival.

Aims and Objectives of First Aid

Aims: First aid aims to save the precious life of a wounded person or victim.

Objectives of First Aid
1. To Save the Life of a wounded person. First Aid has its limit but every possible effort is made to save the life.
2. To Alleviate Pain and Suffering: Pain becomes unbearable in case of any fracture or joint dislocation So, It is important to reduce such Unbearable pain.
3. To Prevent the Condition from getting worse till the victim or wounded person does not get the help of a Doctor.
4. To Promote Recovery as early as possible is also the objective of First Aid.
3. To Procure Early Medical Aid is one of the most important objectives of first aid. There may be an urgent need for medical aid. Efforts should be made to seek medical assistance as early as possible.

9.4 Management of Injuries

Management of Soft Tissue Injuries

1. Management of Contusion
  1. Use Cold Compression immediately. The Cold Water or Ice should be used for more than 40 minutes continuously. The Cold compression should be performed 5 to 6 times daily.
  2. Anti-inflammatory medicine should be used if there is more swelling in the area of contusion.
  3. If swelling still persists then consult a doctor immediately.
  4. Flexibility exercise should be performed carefully for the purpose of rehabilitation.

2. Management of Abrasion
  1. Clean the affected area with fresh water. Pick out dead tissue, debris and gravel that might be sticking at the area of abrasion.
  2. Use clean and sterile gauze to gently wipe the dirt out from the affected area. Then, dry the abrasion area with a clean piece of gauze. 
  3. After that apply medical ointment and then use a big piece of gauze for dressing.
  4. Visit the doctor for tetanus injection and proper dressing which is required to prevent the wound infection.
  5. The dressing should be changed as per the instructions given by the doctor.

3. Management of Laceration
  1. Control the bleeding. To stop bleeding put pressure on the laceration while holding it above the level of heart for 15 minutes.
  2. Wash the laceration with warm water and mild soap after the bleeding has stopped. If bleeding starts again, repeat step 1.
  3. Assess and see if laceration requires stitches. If it does, then take him/ her to a doctor.
  4. Use antiseptic ointment for simple laceration which does not require stitches.
  5. Cover the laceration with a sterile gauge and cover it up with a roller gauge. Clean the laceration whenever you change the dressing. 
  6. Change the dressing regularly and watch for any infection.
  7. Take a painkiller if required.

4. Management of Incision
  1. If the wound is not deep, let the blood come out. In this process, germs will also come out.
  2. Clean the wound with Spirit or iodine tincture.
  3. Then, Apply a bandage after placing a piece of cotton on the wound.
  4. If the wound is too deep, consult a doctor immediately.

5. Management of Sprain

(a) PRICE Procedure
This procedure should be followed for the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury. The PRICE Stands for Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation

Protection: Protect the injured area.
Rest: Rest as much as possible to allow wounds to heal.
Ice: Apply ice on the injured area as soon as possible. It reduces the bleeding & swelling by slowing down blood circulation. It also reduces the pain.
Compression: Apply Compression using a firm pad over the site of injury. It helps in reducing swelling and bleeding in the injured ankle, knee or wrist.
Elevation: If possible, keep the injured area above the level of the heart using a pillow to reduce swelling.

(b) MICE Procedure
After the signs of Swelling have gone and heat and redness are reduced, the MICE procedure should be followed. MICE stands for Mobilization, Ice, Compression and Elevation.

Mobilization: Start by taking the injured part to its full range of motion. The movements that cause pain should be avoided. If the movement is done easily then try to increase the range of movement gradually. If the basic function of the injured part is restored then start more exercises.
Ice: Ice treatment should continue for about a weak according to the severity of the injury. After 4 to 5 days, Heat pads can be applied to stimulate the blood circulation in the affected area.
Compression: Continue compression for few days after which it is not required.
Elevation: It should be done until all signs of swelling, heat and redness are gone.


6. Management of Strain
Follow PRICE Procedure for treatment of Strain.

Management of Bone Injuries

a. Stress Fracture
1. Rest while the bone heals itself.
2. Apply ice for 24 to 48 hours.
3. Give painkillers if needed.
4. Use a splint if there is a need for immobilization
5. Start putting lightweight on the affected area after the swelling is reduced.
6. Avoid doing the activity that caused fracture for at least 6 weeks.

b. Greenstick Fracture
1. Immboliaztion with the help of a removable splint
2. swelling can be reduced with medicine
3. Use painkillers.
4. Normally, it takes 8 weeks to completely heal the bone.

c. Comminuted Fracture
1. Use plasters and splint above and below the fractured area as there are many fragment pieces of bone.
2. Control infection with antibiotics.
3. Use painkillers.
4. Take physical therapy after the restoration of the bone to normal condition.

d. Transverse Fracture
1. Hospitalization is not necessary if the injury is limited to the break of a transverse process.
2. Serious Case in which the spinal cord can damage requires an operation.
3. Use Painkiller and avoid any activity.

e. Oblique Bone Fracture
1. Most Oblique bone fracture requires surgery for treatment.
2. If the damage is extensive, metal rods and screws are used to hold the bone in place.

f. Impacted Fractures
1. Use a Sling or splint for immobilization.
2. for severe cases, surgery is required.

Management of Joint Injuries

1. Consult a doctor immediately.
2. Don't try to move the joint.
3. Use Ice to stop swelling
4. Splint or Sling the affected area.


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