Unit-1
Role of Livestock in National Economy
• Milk, egg, meat and fish showed a remarkable growth of 5 to 10%.
• The largest population of cattle and buffalo in India. 190.9 million cattle and 151.7million indigenous cattle, 108.7 million buffalo, 65.06 million goats and 10.29 million pigs.
• India ranks first in milk production, avg. milk production - 165.4 million tons per annum. ( Per capita - 280g per day).
• The largest population of cattle and buffalo in India. 190.9 million cattle and 151.7million indigenous cattle, 108.7 million buffalo, 65.06 million goats and 10.29 million pigs.
• India ranks first in milk production, avg. milk production - 165.4 million tons per annum. ( Per capita - 280g per day).
• Animal draught power - 86 million draught animals produce 40000 megawatts of energy.
• Meat production - 3% of global meat production is in India. Per capita meat availability - 3kg per year as compared to the world's average 14kg per year.
• Intensive poultry development project launched in 3rd five-year plan (1969-74).
• Per Capita egg- 69 per year as compared to ICMR recommendation of 182.
• Fish production- a cheap source of protein and a good source of calcium. ( per capita - 9kg) (ICMR recommendation- 10.95kg).
• Fish and fish products have presented as the largest group in agricultural exports from India- 13.77 lakh tones or 45,106.89 crores in value. (0.91% of GDP and 5.23% of average GVA).
• Intensive poultry development project launched in 3rd five-year plan (1969-74).
• Per Capita egg- 69 per year as compared to ICMR recommendation of 182.
• Fish production- a cheap source of protein and a good source of calcium. ( per capita - 9kg) (ICMR recommendation- 10.95kg).
• Fish and fish products have presented as the largest group in agricultural exports from India- 13.77 lakh tones or 45,106.89 crores in value. (0.91% of GDP and 5.23% of average GVA).
• Milk production present trend - 8.65 million litres per day (MLPD).
• Operation Flood - Phase I (1970- 1980) - EEC gifted skimmed milk powder and butter oil. 18 premier milk sheds with consumers in India's four metropolitan cities.
• Phase II (1981-85)- increased milk sheds from 18 to 136.
• Phase III (1985- 96) Enabled dairy cooperatives to expand & strengthen the infrastructure required to produce & marked increasing, the volume of milk. gave emphasis
• National dairy plan - 15-year horizon financed by world bank.
• Phase II (1981-85)- increased milk sheds from 18 to 136.
• Phase III (1985- 96) Enabled dairy cooperatives to expand & strengthen the infrastructure required to produce & marked increasing, the volume of milk. gave emphasis
• National dairy plan - 15-year horizon financed by world bank.
Reproduction in Farm Animals and Poultry
Cow
Anatomy• Ovary- primary female reproductive organ
• 2 functions -- producing female reproductive cells (egg or ovum) and producing estrogen hormones and progesterone.
Secondary Sex organs
• A series of tubes that receives semen, transport sperm to the egg, nourish the embryo, allow the calf to be birthed.
• These organs include- vagina, cervix, uterum, uterine horns and oviducts, each has a funnel-shaped opening called the infundibulum.
• The ovary produces the egg by a process called oogenesis. Oogenesis is cyclic.
• Ovary contains several thousand tiny structures called primary follicles. Each follicle consists of a germ cell surrounded by a layer of cells. This germ cell has the potential to mature into an egg.
• Many layers of cells are added to a single layer of cells surrounding the egg in the primary follicle, forming a central cavity. As the follicle and cavity grow larger, the egg becomes attached to the base of the follicle. As the follicle grows, bulges from the surface of the ovary and becomes very thin. Once the follicle reaches its mature state it is called Graafian follicle. The thin portion ruptures to release contents of the follicle, including the egg.
• Corpus luteum has an important role in producing progesterone hormone.
• The released egg is caught by the infundibulum and moves into the oviduct, where fertilization occurs if viable sperm are present.
• Embryo develops in the uterine horn.
The mother nourishes the fetus via the diffusion of nutrients through the placenta, with no direct blood connection.
• Vestibule is a common passageway for both the urinary and reproductive systems. The external opening of the vagina is called the vulva.
• If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus letum stops secreting progesterone and decays.
Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproductive Tract
• Reproductive hormones may originate in the hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, uterus or placenta.
• The Primary releasing hormone of reproduction is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It controls the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.
• Estrogen regulates several functions such as development and functioning of secondary sex organs, the onset of heat, or estrus (the period of sexual receptivity), rate and type of body tissue growth, especially fat deposition and priming or preparing of the prepuberal heifer and postpartum cow for onset sexual activity.
• Progesterone is the hormone of pregnancy. It suppresses the further development of follicles and estrogen secretion.
• Prostaglandins- primarily affecting - cow's estrous cycle is prostaglandin F2*, which is produced by the uterus.
The Estrous Cycle- 21 days
D0 - The cow is in estrus (standing state). Graafine follicle ovulates.
D 1-2 - Cells that formerly Lined the follicle change and becomes the luteal cells of the Corpus luteum.
D 2-5 - Corpus luteum grows rapidly.
D 5-16 - Corpus luteum continues to develop and reaches its max. growth and functions by day 15. It secretes hormone- progesterone.
D 16-18 - Increased follicular growth.
D 18 & 19 - Corpus luteum is almost non-functional and progesterone release is suppressed, removing blocking the action of progesterone on LH and FSH.
D 19 & 20 -
D-21 -
The reproductive system of the Bull
Anatomy- consists- of testicles, secondary sex organs and three accessory sex glands.
Secondary sex organs- epididymis, vas deference and penis. The three accessory sex glands- are seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland).
Testicle- located outside the body cavity in the scrotum and has two vital functions. 4° - 5° below body temperature. One or both testicles occasionally fail to descend into the scrotum during embryological development and are retained in the body cavity- a condition is known as Chrptorchidism.
Epididymis- compact, flat, elongated structure closely attached to one side of the testicle. Divided into 3 regions- head, body and tail. Four major functions- transport of developing sperm cells from testicles to vas deferens; the concentration of sperm by absorption of surplus fluids; maturation of developing spermatozoa and storage of viable sperm cells in epididymis tail.
Vas deferens- emerges from the tail of epididymis as a straight tubule. Spermatozoa are transported further along the reproductive tract to the pelvic region through vas deference.
Urethra- two vas deferens eventually unite into a single tube, the Urethra, which is a channel passing through the penis. It serves as a common passageway for semen from the reproductive tract and urine from the urinary tract.