Physical Education Class 11 Chapter 2 Notes - 2023 & 2024
Olympism
Concept
Olympism is a term used to describe the philosophy and values that are embodied by the Olympic Games. It is an idea that emphasizes the importance of physical fitness, sport, fair competition, and the values of respect, friendship, and understanding among people from different countries and cultures.
At its core, Olympism is about promoting the Olympic ideal of a peaceful and better world through sport. It seeks to foster mutual understanding and respect among nations and people through the universal language of sport. The concept of Olympism is embodied in the Olympic Charter, which outlines the principles and values that govern the Olympic Games. These include the principles of non-discrimination, fair play, and respect for others, as well as the values of friendship, solidarity, and excellence.
Olympism is not just about the Olympic Games themselves, but about the broader impact that they can have on society. It seeks to promote the development of a more peaceful, just, and equitable world by inspiring people to strive for excellence in all aspects of their lives.
Olympics Values (Excellence, Friendship & Respect)
The Olympics values of excellence, friendship, and respect are an integral part of the Olympic movement and are embodied in the Olympic Charter. These values are intended to guide athletes, officials, and spectators in their conduct during the Olympic Games and beyond.
Excellence: The pursuit of excellence is at the heart of the Olympic movement. The Olympics values the highest levels of physical, mental, and moral performance. Athletes are encouraged to strive for their personal best and to push themselves to achieve their goals. The value of excellence extends beyond sports, promoting excellence in all aspects of life.
Friendship: The value of friendship is about building bridges between people from different countries and cultures. The Olympics seeks to promote understanding and respect among people from different backgrounds and to foster friendship and solidarity. The Olympic Games provide a unique opportunity for athletes and officials to build lasting relationships based on mutual respect and understanding.
Respect: Respect is a fundamental value of the Olympic movement. It is about treating others with dignity and understanding, regardless of their background, culture, or beliefs. Athletes, officials, and spectators are expected to show respect for themselves, their opponents, and the Olympic Games. The value of respect also extends to the environment and the promotion of sustainable development.
In summary, the Olympics’ values of excellence, friendship, and respect are intended to guide behaviour and conduct during the Olympic Games and beyond. These values promote the highest levels of performance, understanding, and respect among people from different backgrounds and cultures, and the promotion of sustainable development.
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Olympic Value Education
Joy of Effort
The Olympic Value Education (OVE) is an educational program that aims to promote the values of the Olympic movement in schools and communities around the world.
The joy of effort is a value that is deeply embedded in the Olympic movement. It is about the satisfaction and sense of fulfilment that comes from striving for one's goals and putting in the effort to achieve them. This value encourages individuals to persevere in the face of challenges and to appreciate the process of achieving success as much as the outcome itself.
In the context of sports and physical education, the joy of effort encourages individuals to embrace the challenge of physical activity and to push themselves to achieve their personal best. It encourages a positive attitude towards physical activity, helping individuals to overcome obstacles and setbacks and to enjoy the process of improving their physical fitness.
Fair Play
The Olympic Value Education (OVE) program also promotes the value of fair play, which is a fundamental principle of the Olympic movement. Fair play is about respecting the rules, opponents, and officials, and upholding the spirit of sportsmanship in all aspects of competition.
In the context of sports and physical education, fair play encourages individuals to compete in a spirit of mutual respect and understanding and to uphold the principles of fair competition. This means playing by the rules, showing respect for opponents, and accepting both victories and defeat with grace and dignity.
The value of fair play extends beyond sports and can be applied to all aspects of life. It encourages individuals to act with integrity, honesty, and respect towards others, and to uphold the principles of fairness and justice in their interactions with others.
The Olympic Value Education program aims to promote the value of fair play through a variety of activities and initiatives, such as educational programs, workshops, and sports events. These initiatives seek to promote understanding and awareness of fair play and to encourage individuals to adopt fair play values in their daily lives.
Respect for Others
This value is fundamental to the Olympic movement and is based on the principle of treating others with dignity, understanding, and compassion.
In the context of sports and physical education, respect for others encourages individuals to treat their opponents, teammates, coaches, and officials with respect and understanding. This means refraining from unsportsmanlike behaviour such as taunting, cheating, and foul play, and instead embracing the principles of fair play and sportsmanship.
Respect for others also extends beyond the world of sports and physical education. It encourages individuals to embrace diversity and appreciate the unique perspectives and experiences of others. This means showing respect for cultural, religious, and social differences, and seeking to understand and appreciate the perspectives of others.
The OVE program seeks to promote respect for others through a variety of initiatives, such as educational programs, community events, and workshops. These initiatives aim to raise awareness of the importance of respect for others and encourage individuals to adopt respectful attitudes and behaviours in their daily lives.
Pursuit of Excellence
This value is based on the principle of striving to be the best that one can be and continuously seeking to improve one's skills, knowledge, and performance.
In the context of sports and physical education, the pursuit of excellence encourages individuals to set high goals for themselves and to work hard to achieve those goals. This means adopting a growth mindset and embracing challenges as opportunities for learning and growth, rather than as obstacles to be overcome.
The pursuit of excellence also extends beyond sports and can be applied to all areas of life. It encourages individuals to continuously improve themselves and to seek out opportunities for learning and growth. This means embracing challenges, taking risks, and striving for personal and professional development.
The OVE program seeks to promote the pursuit of excellence through a variety of initiatives, such as educational programs, mentorship opportunities, and sports events. These initiatives aim to inspire individuals to set high goals for themselves and to work hard to achieve those goals, while also promoting the importance of persistence, determination, and resilience in the pursuit of excellence.
Balance Among Body
This value is based on the principle of maintaining a healthy and balanced lifestyle that encompasses physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
In the context of sports and physical education, balance among body, mind, and spirit encourages individuals to take a holistic approach to their health and fitness. This means developing physical strength, agility, and endurance, while also promoting mental and emotional well-being through relaxation, mindfulness, and stress management techniques.
Balance among body, mind, and spirit also extends beyond the world of sports and physical education. It encourages individuals to maintain a healthy work-life balance and to prioritize their personal and professional goals in a way that promotes overall well-being and fulfilment.
The OVE program seeks to promote balance among body, mind, and spirit through a variety of initiatives, such as educational programs, wellness workshops, and sports events. These initiatives aim to inspire individuals to adopt healthy and balanced lifestyles that promote overall well-being and fulfilment.
Will & Mind
This value is based on the principle of developing mental toughness, discipline, and determination in order to overcome challenges and achieve one's goals.
In the context of sports and physical education, will and mind encourages individuals to develop mental toughness and discipline in order to push through difficult challenges and persevere in the face of adversity. This means cultivating a positive attitude and a strong sense of motivation and determination, while also embracing the principles of goal-setting and self-discipline.
Will and mind also extend beyond the world of sports and can be applied to all areas of life. It encourages individuals to develop a growth mindset and to approach challenges as opportunities for learning and growth, rather than as obstacles to be overcome.
The OVE program seeks to promote will and mind through a variety of initiatives, such as educational programs, motivational workshops, and sports events. These initiatives aim to inspire individuals to develop mental toughness and discipline, and to cultivate a positive attitude and strong sense of motivation and determination in all aspects of their lives.
Ancient and Modern Olympics
Ancient Olympics
The ancient Olympics were a series of athletic competitions held in Olympia, Greece, every four years from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. The games were held in honour of the Greek god Zeus and were a symbol of the city-state's unity and power. The ancient Olympics were one of the most important sporting events in the ancient world and attracted spectators from across Greece and beyond.
The ancient Olympics were open to male citizens of Greece, regardless of their social status or wealth. Athletes had to be freeborn Greeks and had to train for months in advance in order to compete. The games featured a range of athletic events, including running, jumping, throwing, and combat sports.
The most famous event in the ancient Olympics was the stadion race, a foot race that was approximately 200 meters long. Other events included the diaulos (a longer foot race), the pentathlon (which included running, jumping, and throwing events), and the pankration (a combination of wrestling and boxing).
The ancient Olympics were more than just a sporting event. They were also an opportunity for political and social gatherings and were accompanied by religious ceremonies and sacrifices. During the games, a truce was declared throughout Greece to allow athletes and spectators to travel to Olympia safely.
The ancient Olympics were eventually abolished by the Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I in 393 CE, as part of a broader effort to suppress pagan traditions. The games remained largely forgotten until their revival in the modern era, which began with the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896.
In conclusion, the ancient Olympics were a series of athletic competitions held in Olympia, Greece, every four years from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. The games were an important part of Greek culture and attracted athletes and spectators from across Greece and beyond. While the ancient Olympics were eventually abolished, their legacy has endured and they continue to inspire athletes and sports fans around the world.
Modern Olympics
The modern Olympics are a multi-sport event held every four years, with athletes from around the world competing in a range of sports. The modern Olympics were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and were first held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Since then, the games have grown in size and scope, and have become one of the world's largest and most prestigious sporting events.
The modern Olympics are governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which is responsible for selecting the host city, managing the games, and promoting the Olympic values of excellence, friendship, and respect. The games are open to athletes from around the world, regardless of their gender, ethnicity, or nationality.
The modern Olympics feature a wide range of sports, including athletics, swimming, gymnastics, and many others. The program of events has evolved over time, with new sports being added and old ones being dropped. The most recent addition to the Olympic program is skateboarding, which made its debut at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
The modern Olympics are also a platform for cultural exchange and diplomacy. During the games, athletes from different countries come together to compete in the spirit of friendship and fair play. The Olympics also provide an opportunity for host cities to showcase their culture and history to the world.
In addition to the Summer Olympics, there is also a separate Winter Olympics held every four years. The Winter Olympics feature sports such as skiing, snowboarding, and ice hockey, and are typically held in colder climates.
In conclusion, the modern Olympics are a multi-sport event held every four years, featuring athletes from around the world competing in a range of sports. The games have evolved since their inception in 1896, and have become an important platform for cultural exchange and diplomacy. The Olympics continue to promote the values of excellence, friendship, and respect, and inspire athletes and sports fans around the world.
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Olympics
Olympics Motto
The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius," which is Latin for "Faster, Higher, Stronger." The motto was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, and was first used at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.
The motto represents the pursuit of excellence and encourages athletes to push themselves to new heights. It embodies the Olympic values of determination, perseverance, and the pursuit of personal bests. The motto is meant to inspire athletes to strive for excellence, not only in their sport but also in their personal and professional lives.
The Olympic motto is a reminder of the importance of hard work, dedication, and the pursuit of personal growth. It encourages athletes to go beyond their limits and to strive for greatness in everything they do. The motto also reflects the spirit of the Olympic Games, which bring together athletes from around the world to compete in a spirit of friendship and fair play.
Olympics Flag
The Olympic flag is a symbol of the Olympic Games and represents the values of the Olympic movement. It features five interlocking rings, which are coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red, on a white background. The rings represent the coming together of athletes from five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania.
The flag was designed by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, and was first flown at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. It is raised during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games and remains on display throughout the games.
The Olympic flag is a powerful symbol of international unity and cooperation. It represents the idea that, through sports, people from different cultures and backgrounds can come together and compete in a spirit of friendship and fair play. The flag serves as a reminder of the values of the Olympic movement and the importance of working together to promote peace and understanding in the world.
Olympics Oath
The Olympic oath is a pledge taken by athletes and officials during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. It is a solemn promise to uphold the principles of fair play, sportsmanship, and respect for others in competition.
The Olympic oath was first introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. The athletes' oath is typically taken by a representative of the host country's team, while the officials' oath is taken by a representative of the judges or referees.
The athletes' oath reads as follows: "In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams."
The officials' oath reads: "In the name of all judges and officials, I promise that we shall officiate in these Olympic Games with complete impartiality, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them in the true spirit of sportsmanship."
The Olympic oath is a powerful symbol of the Olympic movement and the values it represents. It serves as a reminder to all participants that the Olympic Games are about more than just winning medals, but about promoting fair play, sportsmanship, and respect for others.
Olympics Anthem
The Olympic anthem is a musical composition that is played during the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games. It is a symbol of the Olympic movement and represents the values of the games, including peace, unity, and sportsmanship.
The Olympic anthem was composed by Spyridon Samaras, a Greek musician, and the lyrics were written by poet Kostis Palamas. The anthem was first performed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, and has been played at every Olympic Games since.
The Olympic anthem has no lyrics, but it is a stirring instrumental piece that features a soaring melody and stirring orchestration. The music is intended to evoke a sense of pride and unity among the athletes and spectators and to inspire a spirit of international cooperation and goodwill.
The Olympic anthem is a powerful symbol of the Olympic movement and the values it represents. It is a reminder that no matter what country we come from, we can all come together through the power of sport to achieve great things and promote peace and understanding in the world.
Olympic Movement Structure
IOC
The Olympic Movement is a complex structure of organizations and institutions that work together to promote the Olympic Games and the values they represent. At the heart of this structure is the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which is responsible for the organization and governance of the Olympic Games.
The IOC is a non-governmental organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is made up of 105 active members, who are elected by their peers from around the world. The members serve for eight years and can be re-elected for one additional term.
The IOC is responsible for a wide range of activities related to the Olympic Games, including selecting the host city for each edition of the Games, managing the Olympic brand and trademarks, and promoting the Olympic values of excellence, friendship, and respect.
The IOC is also responsible for overseeing the various international sports federations that govern individual Olympic sports, such as the International Swimming Federation (FINA) and the International Athletics Federation (IAAF). These federations are responsible for establishing the rules and regulations for their respective sports and for organizing the qualifying competitions that determine which athletes will compete in the Olympic Games.
In addition to the IOC and the international sports federations, there are also a number of other organizations and institutions that make up the Olympic Movement, including the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of each participating country, the Organizing Committees for each edition of the Games, and various other Olympic-related organizations and charities. All of these organizations work together to promote the Olympic values and to ensure the success of the Olympic Games.
NOC
The National Olympic Committee (NOC) is a key component of the Olympic Movement. Each country that participates in the Olympic Games has its own NOC, which is responsible for promoting the Olympic values within its own country and for selecting and organizing the country's Olympic team.
The NOC typically comprises representatives from various sports organizations and governing bodies within the country. It is responsible for selecting the athletes who will represent the country in the Olympic Games and for providing support and resources to those athletes in the lead-up to the Games.
In addition to selecting and organizing the country's Olympic team, the NOC is also responsible for promoting the Olympic values within the country and for encouraging participation in sports and physical activity. The NOC works to create partnerships with local sports organizations, schools, and community groups to encourage participation in sports and to promote the values of the Olympic Movement.
The NOC also works closely with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to ensure the success of the Olympic Games. It plays an important role in the selection of the host city for each edition of the Games and is responsible for ensuring that the country's athletes and officials comply with all of the rules and regulations of the Olympic Games.
Overall, the National Olympic Committee is a crucial component of the Olympic Movement, working at the national level to promote the Olympic values and to ensure the success of the Olympic Games.
IFS
The International Federations of Sports (IFS) are the governing bodies of each individual sport that is included in the Olympic Games. There are currently 33 international sports federations that are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and are responsible for overseeing the rules and regulations of their respective sports at the Olympic Games.
The IFS are responsible for developing and enforcing the rules and regulations of their respective sports, as well as organizing the qualifying competitions that determine which athletes will compete in the Olympic Games. The IFS also work closely with the IOC to ensure that the Olympic Games are organized and conducted in accordance with the Olympic Charter and the values of the Olympic Movement.
The IFS are independent organizations that are recognized by the IOC but operate separately from it. Each IFS is responsible for managing the affairs of its own sport, including organizing international competitions, developing coaching programs, and promoting the sport around the world.
In addition to their responsibilities at the Olympic Games, the IFS also play an important role in the development and promotion of their respective sports outside of the Olympic Games. They work to encourage participation in their sports at all levels, from grassroots programs to elite competition, and to promote the values of the Olympic Movement in all aspects of their work.
Overall, the International Federations of Sports are an essential component of the Olympic Movement, responsible for overseeing the rules and regulations of the individual sports included in the Olympic Games and promoting the values of the Olympic Movement throughout the world.
Other Members
In addition to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and International Federations of Sports (IFS), there are several other key members of the Olympic Movement. These include:
- Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs): Each edition of the Olympic Games is organized by an OCOG, which is responsible for all aspects of the Games, including planning, financing, and staging the event.
- Olympic Solidarity: This is a body within the Olympic Movement that provides financial and technical assistance to NOCs around the world, particularly those in developing countries, to help them develop their athletes and sports programs.
- The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS): This is an independent institution that provides dispute resolution services for sports-related disputes, including those that arise during the Olympic Games.
- The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA): This organization is responsible for promoting and coordinating the fight against doping in sports, including at the Olympic Games.
- The Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS): This is a subsidiary of the IOC that provides television coverage of the Olympic Games to broadcasters around the world.
- The Olympic Museums: There are three Olympic Museums located in Lausanne, Switzerland; Olympia, Greece; and Seoul, South Korea. These museums showcase the history and legacy of the Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement.
Together, these members of the Olympic Movement work to promote the values of the Olympic Games and to ensure the success and integrity of the Olympic Games themselves.